在第二語言,此指英文 (Second Language) 的取得/習得 (acquisition) 過程中,有個理論稱為 “Input Hypothesis" (此翻成語言輸入假說) 。該理論提到 “The primary factor driving Second Language Acquisition appears to be the language input that learners receive. Learners become more advanced the longer they are immersed in the language they are learning, and the more time they spend doing free voluntary reading. " 簡單的說,越多的自主性朗讀與聆聽發生,潛意識會記憶與模仿浸淫在語言中,模仿後學習的效果就會更好。
There’s two things I know for sure.
世界上只有兩樣東西我可以確定
she was sent here from heaven, and she’s daddy’s little girl.
她是上天賜於的恩物,是父親的小寶貝
as I drop to my knees by her bed at night,
夜晚,我曲膝在她的床前
she talks to jesus, and I close my eyes.
閉著雙眼,聽著她與耶穌交談
and I thank god for all of the joy in my life,
感謝主,賜予我生命這麼對快樂
but most of all, for…
而這絕對大部分的快樂來自於
butterfly kisses after bedtime prayer.
睡前禱告後的蝴蝶之吻
stickin’ little white flowers all up in her hair.
朵朵小百花點綴在她的發間
“walk beside the pony daddy, it’s my first ride.”daddy,
跟在我的小馬後面,爸爸,這可是我第一次騎馬
“I know the cake looks funny, daddy, but I sure tried.”daddy,
蛋糕烤出來的樣子很可愛,但我已經盡力了
oh, with all that I’ve done wrong, i must have done something right o,
哦,儘管我做了不少錯事,但我肯定也做對了一些。
o deserve a hug every morning,
這樣才配得上每天早上的擁抱
and butterfly kisses at night.
每天晚上的蝴蝶之吻
sweet sixteen today,
今天是我寶貝的十六歲生日
she’s looking like her momma, a little more everyday.
她看上去越來越像她媽媽了
one part woman, the other part girl.
一半是女人,一般還是個女孩子
to perfume and makeup, from ribbons and curls.
用上了香水,開始化妝,不再是絲帶與卷髮
trying her wings out in a great big world.
將要在一個大世界裡展翅高飛
but i remember…
但我仍想起
butterfly kisses after bedtime prayer.
睡前禱告後的蝴蝶之吻
stickin’ little white flowers all up in her hair.
朵朵小白花點綴在她的發間
“you know how much i love you daddy, but if you don’t mind,
你知道我有多麼的愛你嗎,爸爸。要是你不介意的話
i’m only going to kiss you on the cheek this time.”
這個時候我只想親親你的臉
with all that i’ve done wrong i must have done something right.
哦,儘管我做了不少錯事,但也肯定做對了一些
to deserve her love every morning,
才配得上每天早上她的擁抱
and butterfly kisses at night.
和每天晚上的蝴蝶之吻
all the precious time
所有這寶貴的時光
like the wind, the years go by
就如清風一樣吹散
precious butterfly
我所珍愛的蝴蝶
spread your wings and fly
即將展翅飛翔
she’ll change her name today.
今天她將要換上另外一個姓
she’ll make a promise, and i’ll give her away.
而我看著她許下一個承諾
standing in the bride room just staring at her,
站在新娘的房子裡,我只是呆呆地望著她
she asked me what i’m thinking, and i said “i’m not sure,
她問我我在想什麼,我告訴她:“我也不知道,
i just feel like i’m losing my baby girl.”
我只是覺得我要失去我的寶貝女兒了
then she leaned over….and gave me….
接著她走近我,然後
butterfly kisses, with her mama there
給了我一個蝴蝶之吻她的媽媽就在旁邊
sticking little flowers all up in her hair
在她的頭上插了一朵小花
“walk me down the aisle, daddy, it’s just about time”
時間到了,爸爸陪我踏上紅地毯吧
“does my wedding gown look pretty, daddy?” – “daddy, don’t cry.”
爸爸,我的婚紗漂亮嗎?爸爸,別哭
with all that I’ve done wrong, i must have done something right
哦,儘管我做錯了不少事情,但也肯定做對了一些
to deserve her love every morning,
才配的上每天早上她的擁抱
and butterfly kisses
還有那蝴蝶之吻
i couldn’t ask god for more, man, this is what love is
我不能再向主要求更多的了,這就是愛
I know i’ve gotta let her go, but I’ll always remember
我知道我必須讓她走,但我永遠記得
every hug in the morning, and butterfly kisses…
早上的每個擁抱,還有那蝴蝶之吻
Facebook shuts AI program after bots create own language
臉書所使用的chatbot(電腦模擬人工語音)的人工智慧程式代理人 (AI agents) ,開始拒絕人類指令不使用英文溝通,反而開始使用自己創造出的語言。Facebook決定關機這程式運作。
諷刺的是,事情是在馬克祖克伯與特斯拉的Elon Musk兩人,針鋒相對就人工智慧對人類是貢獻還是威脅的幾天之後所發生。
不論這新聞是否讓人開始真正對AI起疑,且讓我們來學學文中的片語。
新聞英文片語解釋: 1. Go rouge (文中gone rouge為 have gone rouge的簡寫)。在英文中除了有異常的;行為失常的;常製造麻煩的意思外、the rouge state 可指像北韓等等的流氓國家、或指離群而危險的份子。 2. go out of hand 失控;無法控制的局面。
以下為新聞原文: Facebook shuts AI program after bots create own language
Bots gone rogue
Days after Tesla CEO Elon Musk said that artificial intelligence (AI) was the biggest risk, Facebook has shut down one of its AI systems after chatbots started speaking in their own language defying the codes provided.
Gone out of hand
According to a report in Tech Times on July 30, the social media giant had to pull the plug on the AI system that its researchers were working on “because things got out of hand".
“The AI did not start shutting down computers worldwide or something of the sort, but it stopped using English and started using a language that it created," the report noted. Making of a new language
Initially the AI agents used English to converse with each other but they later created a new language that only AI systems could understand, thus, defying their purpose.
This led Facebook researchers to shut down the AI systems and then force them to speak to each other only in English. Rising of chatbots
In June, researchers from the Facebook AI Research Lab (FAIR) found that while they were busy trying to improve chatbots, the “dialogue agents" were creating their own language.
Soon, the bots began to deviate from the scripted norms and started communicating in an entirely new language which they created without human input, media reports said.
Using machine learning algorithms, the “dialogue agents" were left to converse freely in an attempt to strengthen their conversational skills. Getting crafty
The researchers also found these bots to be “incredibly crafty negotiators".
“After learning to negotiate, the bots relied on machine learning and advanced strategies in an attempt to improve the outcome of these negotiations," the report said.
“Over time, the bots became quite skilled at it and even began feigning interest in one item in order to ‘sacrifice’ it at a later stage in the negotiation as a faux compromise," it added. Will AI overtake human intelligence
Although this appears to be a huge leap for AI, several experts including Professor Stephen Hawking have raised fears that humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, could be superseded by AI.
Others like Tesla’s Elon Musk, philanthropist Bill Gates and ex-Apple founder Steve Wozniak have also expressed their concerns about where the AI technology was heading. Debate over AI
Interestingly, this incident took place just days after a verbal spat between Facebook CEO and Musk who exchanged harsh words over a debate on the future of AI.
“I’ve talked to Mark about this (AI). His understanding of the subject is limited," Musk tweeted last week.
The tweet came after Zuckerberg, during a Facebook livestream earlier this month, castigated Musk for arguing that care and regulation was needed to safeguard the future if AI becomes mainstream.
狂賀本班國小部王澤暐同學,參加今年五月劍橋KET測驗,以聽力滿分、總分141的成績,以最高榮譽Pass with Distinction通過測驗。
因Pass with Distinction的程度為 CEFR 的B1 程度(註1),也等同於PET的等級,所以我們Neil同學不但高分通過KET,更同時獲得PET/B1的認證 (註2 請參考以下附表)。
在此恭喜我們澤暐Neil同學!!
註1. 中華民國教育部為推動英語學習,採用 CEFR*(Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment,歐洲語言學習、教學、評量共同參考架構),提供機關學校及民眾衡酌語言能力及測驗需求之參考運用的統一標準。